For which of the following reasons may medical records be disclosed without written consent?

Medical records may be disclosed without written consent for use by ambulance attendants because they are often involved in emergency medical situations where immediate access to a patient's health information is critical for providing appropriate care. In such cases, the law allows for the sharing of medical information to ensure the safety and well-being of the patient during a medical emergency.

The other options listed do not typically qualify for such disclosures without consent. Academic research may require de-identified data or consent to protect patient privacy. Family members generally need to provide consent or have legal authority to access a patient’s medical information. Marketing purposes are strictly controlled and typically require patient consent due to privacy regulations protecting personal health information.